Physical, Emotional, And Sexual Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2221 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Domestic Violence Essay Did you like this example? Domestic violence is a complex dynamic that is commonly characterized by physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Survivors that identify with a specific faith or spirituality are susceptible to a different type of abuse known as spiritual abuse. Despite the previous history in which faith-based buildings served as sanctuaries, many have closed their doors to help victims in need. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Physical, Emotional, And Sexual Abuse" essay for you Create order According to research, religious texts, traditions, and spiritual counseling have been correlated with the process of healing for many domestic violence victims; however, spirituality is frequently exploited to pardon abuse (Stotland, 2000). Studies reveal that 25% of identified Christians are victims of abuse (Haaken, Fussell Mankowski, 2007). Both famous quotes reiterated by important leaders along with scriptures from faith-based books have the power to re-victimize or shun away devout practitioners. According to research conducted in the U.S., 22% of documented offenders attend church on a regular basis (Nason-Clark, 2004). Further inquiry revealed differences in participation among perpetrators. Individuals who had attended services sporadically were more likely to commit acts of violence towards their spouse versus those who attended services on a consistent basis. Research illustrates differences in rate of abuse among faith-based practices. According to studies, Evangelical Christian men who attend church intermittently have been documented to have higher prevalence of domestic abuse than their Christian counterparts (Haaken, Fussell Mankowski, 2007). Up until the late 1950s, female survivors were glorified in their faith-based communities for enduring an abusive relationship (Haaken, Fussell Mankowski, 2007). Debates among religious and spiritual leaders arose during the womens rights movement, and many disagreed over the interpretation, critical explanation and the relevance in the time frame in which it was written. The deliberation among religious leaders reached its climax during the second half of the 20th century as several Christian denominations proposed and later ordained women into priesthood (Stotland, 2000). The ordination of women caused upheaval in many religious sectors, as the idea proposed equality between the two genders. Spiritual abuse and the perpetuation of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse can be traced back to the years 570 CE (Nason-Clark, 2004). Couples Counseling The majority of clients who identify with Christian denominations confess seeking their religious leaders guidance only to be advised to enroll in faith-based couples counseling. Survey responses reports that 62% of religious leaders provided couples therapy as a solution to domestic abuse (Chisale, 2018). Although some religious leaders have good intentions, couples therapy rarely changes the nature of the abusive relationship as abuse is not a specific relationship matter. Abuse outside the context of a relationship is the manipulation of power over another, and thus a choice of the individual rather than a disconnect of communication. Whether couples or individual counseling is pursued, both require those seeking treatment to take accountability for their actions and modify their behavior which is rarely the case for perpetrators. Instead, perpetrators place the blame on the victim and minimize accountability. Many faith-based leaders conduct the services themselves however, their lack of education on domestic violence reduced their ability to provide effective therapeutic services (Stotland). Survivor testimonials have demonstrated how couples therapy is ineffective and in many cases, escalates the risk of danger for the victim. What a religious leader can perceive as a lack of communication between the couple, can underneath be the victims fear to speak honestly for fear of retaliation. At the same time, when referred to couples therapy many male partners in heterosexual relationships not only refuse to go, but threaten their female counterpart if they attend. On the one hand, you have the perpetrator controlling the counseling session with his presence while also inflicting retribution for involving their religious leader into a private matter. Making haste decisions such as referring couples to counseling cannot only further the abuse, but in some cases make the abuse fatal. Religious Leaders Religious leaders play an important role in maintaining participation among its congregation by preaching and upholding the sanctity of marriage and family. Whether indirectly or intentionally, priest, pastors, Imams, and rabbis have condoned domestic violence among its assembly. Testimonials reveal how counsel given by religious leaders rely on prioritizing marriage or the family over their safety (Chisale, 2018). Common themes among religious leaders responses revolve around victim blaming. Since perpetrators rarely exhibit their violent behaviors in public, many religious leaders along with non-involved faith-based members question the legitimacy of the claims as many are perplexed at the idea that a church member can exert such violence when they do not exhibit behaviors in their place of worship. Similarly, religious leaders react defensively and imply that their own behavior is causing their partner to react violently. Some leaders have suggested that the responsibility of dimi nishing the violence lies on the victims, and any failure to do so reflects on their feeble relationship with their higher power (Chisale, 2018). In spite of the immense strides women have made within Christian denominations, several prominent pastors have publicly defended domestic abuse in the 21st century. Back in 2009, the high-profile evangelical minister John Piper was asked if a woman was abused by her husband what should her submission look like. The ministers response was that she should withstand verbal abuse for a season and experience being slapped at least one day before recurring support from the church (Levitt Ware, 2006). Another influential American pastor Steven Cole verbalized back in 2013 how women must endure both verbal and psychological abuse; however, if physical violence is involved only then should she seek support from the law and her church (Chisale, 2018). As late as 2016, evangelist pastor Kirk Cameron gave a consenting statement to the Christian post which stated how women ought to follow and not attempt to change their husbands, as each spouse submits to their role (Levitt Ware, 2006). Interviews with religious leaders illustrate how some leaders lack of knowledge regarding resources and shelters inadvertently perpetuate the abuse. Jane Doe describes how her Imams (Muslim religious leaders) was very sympathetic to her confession. His response was to pray with her and counsel her to submit to his demands as the man is the spiritual head. Complementary to the advice given, faith-based leaders reiterate common themes along the lines of becoming more submissive, saving the sanctity of marriage, keeping the family unity, and maintaining face (Levitt Ware, 2006). All too commonly, religious leaders do not follow through when abuse is disclosed whether to refer to resources or investigate the matter further. Survivors disclose that many times in order to please their faith-based members they remain in the abusive relationship longer, as leaving the relationship translates to renouncing their faith. Scripture/Religious Texts From the Quran to the Bible, verses have routinely been utilized to illustrate that domestic abuse is Gods will, ultimately condoning the abuse. The verses written in these sacred texts are subjective to interpretation and thus biased. Various sacred texts both covertly and overtly endorse a patriarchal society in which a man dominates over a woman. From this lens, women are taught to obey their husbands and honor God by not going above him (Smith, 2010). Verses such as Ephesians 5:22-23 {Wives, submit to your own husbands. For the husband is the head of the Wife as Christ is the head of the Church}, or 1 Titus 2:3-5 {urge the woman to love their husbands to be self-controlled and pure, and to be subject to their husbands so no one will malign the word of God} create roadblocks for victims as these verses seek to silence them and encourage submission as a form of carrying out Gods will (Sheler, 2010). Additionally, religious texts (Psalms 22 and 55) focus on suffering and how when an individual experiences suffering it is the divine powers form of punishment for previous sins (Smith, 2010). Thus, victims will look into their past actions and recall what would be considered sinful (having sex before marriage, being a bad child growing up, or making a poor decision in marrying their partner in the first place) and acknowledge the current violence as a consequence for their actions. The reiteration of readings from Judges 19:22-29, Deuteronomy 22: 13-21 and Number 5: 11-31 strive to remind women they are merely property and as such must meet all marital obligations willingly and consequently promoting marital rape (Spiegel, 1996). This form of spiritual abuse manipulates religious texts to minimize and rationalize all forms of abuse as Gods divine plan for the victim. Despite the healing process religious writings can have on a victim, the majority have been misinterpreted to perpetu ate the abuse (Sheler, 2010). Who does it affect? Time and time again, sacred passages and their placing of men as the head of the spiritual household have systematically been used to oppress women within their communities of faith. Despite the similarities and differences between the Christian denominations, Jewish practices, and Muslim traditions, they all share the common perpetuation of abuse within the marriage (Akintoke, 2016). Although they have different perspectives in regards to the purpose of suffering, the dynamic of a marriage, divorce, and forgiveness, their shared convictions on these matters further creates an environment of risk and isolation. The secular or religious approach of domestic violence in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim communities reflects the lack of knowledge and comprehension of the cycle of domestic abuse. The rationalization of abuse by these faith-based practices contributes to the self-blame, guilt and even death of victims. Christians For heterosexual couples who practice Christian teachings, the sanctity of marriage lies within the power for the wife to follow her husband. Both the bible and pastors often give wives instructions on what their marriage should look like. However, these directives are rarely given to men (Stotland, 2000). The most widely used are based on scriptures that state women should submit to their husband which is misinterpreted as submitting to abuse. The expectations of a husband and wife in regards to physical and even sexual contact are mentioned, and describe the need for mutual respect. Nevertheless, even though there are over ten scriptures referencing a husbands respect towards his wife, the only scriptures and directives given in public services and in a personal affair is that of a womans duty to submit (Haaken, Fussell Mankowski, 2007). Marriage in many cultures, religions, and traditions is viewed as a permanent union. Divorce despite being a legal right for all is not an option for many victims. Vows such as til death do us part are more often than not taken into literal translation even when there is a high risk of death in an abusive home (Sheler, 2000). Even if a wife is able to obtain her divorce from the courts, the annulment process within the Christian denominations places victims in a vulnerable position to be revictimized. Commonly, women who initiated the process were denied an annulment despite having evidence of the abuse filed in court. For female victims who were able to obtain an interview with the panel, countless were frequently subjected to the questioning of whether or not they baited the husband and even questioned her morals as well as her judgment (Sheler, 2000). Testimonials reveal how the churchs aggressive position against divorce deters many victims from even considering asking support from the clergy. The common doctrinal assumption states that a marriage regardless of abuse is better than no marriage, and thus should be conserved. The Ten Commandments are considered to be the laws to which one as child of God should follow, and yet like scriptures have been manipulated to rationalize abuse. The fourth commandment which states one should honor their father and mother has been routinely utilized by parents to misuse their authority and coerce their children to endure physical, psychological and sexual abuse. The frequent psychological abuse endured within the Christian community has caused many victims to disassociate with a parish, and for some turn away from God. Jews Suffering is a common theme in the Torah (Jewish holy book) and both the literal translation and the rabbis interpretation of suffering view it as divine punishment for sinful behaviors. The majority of the prayers observed on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur reflect the repentance of wrongdoing and accept abuse per their belief that it is a divine consequence (Ben-Porat, Levy, Kattoura, Dekel, Itzhaky, 2017). Similar to the Christian faith, Judaism asserts that suffering is needed as a motivation for spiritual growth, and thus the sufferer is to accept and embody the abuse. According to the faith, those servants who suffer most are the ones HaShem (God) loves the most (Ben-Porat et al., 2017). To surrender to hardships is to prove ones worthiness of HaShems love (Ben-Porat et al., 2017). Kiddushin is the sanctification of marriage within the Jewish community. According to scripture (Gen. 2:18) HaShem declares it is not favorable for humans to be alone, and thus Jews view marriage as fundamental for self-realization (Spiegel, 1996). An essential value within the faith is peace within the home also known as Shalom Bayit (Rubin, Mills, 2007). However, the responsibility of maintaining the peace within the home lies on the wife on several occasions, and thus encouraging the continuation of abuse (Rubin, Mills, 2007). Unlike the Christian marriage, ceremony Jews do not incorporate the ?til death do us part. Although Jews view marriage as the primary religious obligation and thus an everlasting commitment, they take into consideration the intricate complex dynamic that it takes to maintain a marriage. Undoubtedly, Jews recognize that divorce may be an imperative decision for some couples, yet the bill of divorce was i.

European Studies Essays †Welfare State and the European Nations Free Essays

Welfare State and the European States â€Å"The phrase ‘welfare state’ was foremost used in the late thirtiess, to separate between the policies of the democracies and the war province of European dictators† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . From the late 19th century, characteristics of a public assistance province began emerge in parts of Western Europe. The first European state to set in topographic point a public assistance province was Germany in 1883. We will write a custom essay sample on European Studies Essays – Welfare State and the European Nations or any similar topic only for you Order Now The so Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck introduced a compulsory national accident and illness insurance jurisprudence. The insurance was financed by province subsidy ( Spicker ) . A public assistance province is â€Å"a province where more than one half of all authorities outgos are devoted to societal policy, as opposed to the economic system, the armed forces, jurisprudence and order, substructure and other traditional maps of the state† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . Judt ( 2006 ) defines a public assistance province as a province which is chiefly concerned with distributing public assistance to its citizens. Such provinces spend the bigger proportion of their public outgos on public assistance. Get aid with your essay from our adept essay authors†¦ Harmonizing to Gough ( 2006 ) , welfare provinces in Europe were established during the Second World War. Their chief intent was to undertake the five evil giants that were confronting most of Europe at that clip. These immoralities included: Poverty: Because of the war, many people were ill, idle or widowed hence were hapless. Diseases: Despite many people being ill, they could non afford to seek intervention. Ignorance: At that clip, school-leaving age was 11. Most kids were forced to drop out of schools because they could non afford to pay fees. Sordidness: Majority of the population lived in hapless lodging installations ( slums ) because council houses were unequal. Idleness: As a consequence of the war, most people lost their occupations and became unemployed. The public assistance province was hence established to guarantee that kids stayed in school ; free medical intervention for all was introduced ; new council houses were built and more towns established to supply better lodging installations to the slum inhabitants and more industries were started to assist cut down the unemployment rate. There are several aims of a public assistance province. Equitable distribution of wealth and resources: Welfare provinces used progressive method of revenue enhancement aggregation whereby people with higher incomes paid more revenue enhancements and those with lower incomes paid less revenue enhancement. This method of revenue enhancement helped in reallocation of public money and shifting of resources from the resource-rich parts to resource-poor parts. This was effectual in accomplishing regional balance and in contracting the spread between the rich and the hapless ( Spicker, 2003 ) . Income and criterion of populating care: Peoples can temporarily or for good be rendered incapable participating in the labour market. This can be due to old age, or illness. This usually consequences in loss of income for themselves and their households. But in a public assistance province, income care was assured whether or non person was working. This was usually â€Å"achieved through a assortment of public insurance strategies, † ( Judt, 2006 ) . These included tax write-offs from an employee’s wage, parts made by the employers and the province. These tax write-offs and parts were deposited into an insurance fund from which persons were entitled to certain benefits, depending on the degree and the figure of parts made. These â€Å"insurance strategies covered unemployment, ill wage and old age pensions, † ( Gough, 2006 ) . Helping the deprived groups: public assistance provinces started plans to help those groups that were considered worse-off than others. Gough ( 2006 ) says that: For case, European states have taken specific steps to battle rural poorness ; support households with kids ; supply for re-training and early retirement in industrial job parts ; help particularly those with structural employment job ( the long-run and older unemployed ; youth unemployment ) . Provision of a public safety cyberspace was another aim of public assistance provinces. Welfare States ensured that each single enjoyed â€Å"a minimum degree of nice human being if no other resources are available, † ( Gough, 2006 ) . In the pre-industrial epoch proviso for such persons was chiefly done by â€Å"local charities, communities, nobleness oblige, and the churches †¦ on a much smaller scale† ( Gough ) . Most Welfare States used their public assistance policy as a signifier of economic administration. Harmonizing to Gough ( 2006 ) , â€Å"the economic systems of Continental Europe, frequently called organized market economic systems, are characterized by a more marked function for the authorities in the economic system †¦.† Unlike in other provinces, the different economic sectors were normally in harmoniousness instead than in competition with each other. This contributed to the overall economic organisation and stableness, and is the ground why such economic systems were frequently labeled ‘organized market economies.’ Welfare provinces put up policies aimed at poorness obliteration. Such plans included Medicaid and Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( AFDC ) . However, such plans were non popular among the bulk of the population because they merely served the marginalized people who comprised a smaller proportion of the population. The creative activity and development of the public assistance province followed different forms in each of the European states. The work forces behind the European public assistance province shared Keynes’s position which he voiced before his decease in 1946. Keynes said that â€Å"after the World War II, there would be a craving for societal and personal security in Europe. And there was. The public assistance province was constructed chiefly as a security revolution instead than a societal revolution, † ( Judt, 2006 ) The German public assistance system was based on the three chief rules. The first 1 was â€Å"subsidiarity.† This rule holds that â€Å"services should be decentralized or independently managed† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . The function of the province was limited merely to countries which could non be covered by other agencies like military services. In Germany, high income earners were non covered by the chief societal insurance system ; they were left to do their ain determinations. Economic development was another rule environing the German public assistance system. Provision of societal services was based on this rule. This was clearly apparent in â€Å"the close relationship of services to people’s place in the labour market. Social benefits were earnings-related, and those without work records found that they were non covered for of import contingencies† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . Additionally, the state’s disbursement on public assistance had to be straight related to the rule of economic development and growing. Welfare province in Germany was originally established by Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck who introduced the rule of ‘corporatist structure’ . Harmonizing to Spicker, 2003: This rule was developed by Bismarck on the footing of bing common assistance associations, and remained the footing for societal protection later. Social insurance, which covered the costs of wellness, some societal attention and much of the income care system, was managed by a system of independent financess. The Gallic system of public assistance was regarded as the most generous public assistance system. It involved proviso of a broad scope of societal services, rendering it really complex and expensive to keep it. In France, the public assistance system was â€Å"based on the rule of solidarity, † which was declared in the first article of the Gallic Code of Social Security ( Spicker, 2003 ) . However, the term â€Å"solidarity† was equivocal and was used in different fortunes to intend different things. To some people, solidarity referred to cooperative common support whereby people who benefited from national public assistance strategies were expected to lend on an equal footing. To others, solidarity meant mutualist relationships, â€Å"common action, common duty and shared risks† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . The Swedish Welfare System was viewed as an ideal signifier of public assistance province. The system offered institutional attention in that it offered â€Å"a cosmopolitan minimum† ( Judt, 2006 ) . Like all public assistance provinces, the Swedish authorities offered benefits to the unemployed, the ill people, and retired citizens. However, for a long clip this public assistance system was non efficaciously practiced because as Judt ( 2006 ) says, â€Å"the Swedish population had a strong tradition of entrepreneurship and difficult work and continued to work hard even though they now had the option to populate off government.† However, with clip, people adapted to the public assistance system. The public assistance province of the United Kingdom was established by William Beveridge in 1942. The purpose of the province was to control the societal jobs that British citizens were confronting due to the effects of the Second World War. The authorities took the duty of supplying for its people. This policy resulted in high authorities outgo and an addition in the state’s cardinal duties. In add-on to the proviso of the basic services ( instruction, wellness, lodging and employment ) the province besides increased â€Å"regulation of industry nutrient and redistributive taxation† ( Gough, 2006 ) . Most Welfare States did non last long because of assorted grounds. The first major ground was the nature of revenue enhancement and the salary construction. In most public assistance provinces, the societal benefits and wages for the low-skilled workers were among the highest in the universe, whereas those for the high-skilled workers were lower comparison to those of other states. Additionally, the high-skilled workers paid much higher revenue enhancements than the low–skilled workers. This attracted more low-skilled workers into these provinces, going a load to the Welfare State. The issue of in-migration besides led to the prostration of the public assistance province. Because of the societal benefits a public assistance province offered, it attracted people from the low income states. Fjordman ( 2006 ) notes that â€Å"†¦ they experienced †¦ decomposition with the debut of mass in-migration of individuals who did non hold the cultural background necessary to continue the public assistance state.† Last, the nature of the services that a public assistance province provided contributed to its prostration. Education and wellness services particularly are â€Å"ones on which people wish to pass more money as they become richer. Old age and retirement pensions imply that the authorities would hold to pass more as the population ages† ( Fjordman, 2006 ) . Because of this, the ratio of public disbursement to Gross Domestic Product was high and it became practically impossible to run into all the societal demands of its citizens. Mentions Fjordman, C.The Welfare State: The Root of Europe’s Problems. The Brussels Journal. 2006, March 08 Gough, I.European Welfare States: Explanations and Lessons for Developing States. University of Bath hypertext transfer protocol: //64.233.169.104/search? Judt, T.The Future of Decadent Europe. The Globalist. 2006, June 02. Spicker, P. The Welfare State.Centre for Public Policy and Management: Robert Gordon University hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/wstate.htm How to cite European Studies Essays – Welfare State and the European Nations, Essay examples

Pride And Prejudice By Austen Essay Example For Students

Pride And Prejudice By Austen Essay Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels written by Jane Austen. This romantic novel, the story of which revolves around relationships and thedifficulties of being in love, was not much of a success in Austens own time. However, it has grown in its importance to literary critics and readerships overthe last hundred years. There are many facets to the story that make reading itnot only amusing but also highly interesting. The reader can learn much aboutthe upper-class society of this age, and also gets an insight to the authorsopinion about this society. Austen presents the high-society of her time from anobservational point of view, ironically describing human behavior. She describeswhat she sees and adds her own comments to it in a very light and easy way. Shenever seems to be condescending or snubbing in her criticism but applies it in aplayful manner. This playfulness, and her witty, ironic comments on society areprobably the main reasons that make this novel still so enjoyable for readerstoday. Some rules and characteristics depicted in the story seem very peculiarand are hard to conceive by people of our generation. Nevertheless, thedescriptions of the goings-on in that society are so lively an d sparkling withirony that most people cannot help but like the novel. Jane Austen applies ironyon different levels in her novel Pride and Prejudice. She uses various means ofmaking her opinion on 18th century society known to the reader through her vividand ironic descriptions used in the book. To bring this paper into focus, I willdiscuss two separate means of applying irony, as pertaining to a select few ofthe books characters. The novel is introduced by an omniscient narrator,unknown to the reader, who describes and comments on the given situationsthroughout the novel. The narrator serves to represent and speak for Jane Austen,enabling her to aim her criticism not only through the characters, but also in amore direct fashion. She uses this unspecified person, who is outside of all thenovels action and gives explanations, as a medium of communication to presenther own opinion in an allusively open way. This narrator is the first means ofmaking ironic remarks. Through the narrator a certain mood is created thatprevails throughout the novel. The very first sentence of the novel shows thiswith the following sentence, It is a truth universally acknowledged, thata single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife(Pride and Prejudice, p. 3). The irony of this statement is the universalvalidity with which assumptions are made in that upper-class society. It isassumed that there is nothing else for a man of high rank to want but a wife tocomplete his possessions. Along with his money, land, riches etc. she acts asnothing more but another piece of property, which was a common attitude in thosedays. Austen manages to make the attitude towards matrimony upheld by this upperclass look rather ridiculous and incredible. Another ironic description isgiven, for instance, when Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst take care of the sickJane, who stays at their house. They present themselves as very affectionate andcaring friends to Jane. However, that does not stop them from talking very badabout Janes relations. The real ironic comment is that the narrator lets usreaders know that after those two ladies have finished bad mouthing Janessister Elizabeth and the rest of her family, they return to Jane (w)ith arenewal of tenderness (p. 27). These high-society women are well versed atputting others down and whimsically, and as they think wittily, insulting thecharacters of those who are of a lower class and Austen commentson it ironically by describing their behavior with irony. Through the narrator,Austen shows us how fickle this society is; being based on class and rank. Thenarrator exposes the vanities and its stupidity rather drastically. The commenton Aunt Phillips who would hardly have resented a comparison with thehousekeepers room (p. 56) of Rosings with her own living-room is soironically bitter that it even borders on being mean. These are only a fewexamples to show how the general ironic mood of the novel is created. The secondmeans of creating irony in the novel is through the particular use of thecharacters involved. Elizabeth Bennet is the main character of the novel and shehappens to be an acute observer, who likes to ponder about what she sees and whodares to make judgements. She usually speaks her mind but covers up the meaningof her statements with irony, in order not to offend the rules of conduct in hersociety. Elizabeth likes to play with peoples expectations, which she openlyadmits to Mr. Darcy in a scene where he wants to invite her to dance. Shedeclines his offer to dance with him with the following sentence: Youwanted me, I know, to say Yes, that you might have the pleasure of despisingmy taste; but I always delight in overthrowing those kind of schemes, andcheating a person of their premeditated contempt. She admits that shelikes to upset peoples plots, in order to disappoint them and in turn derivepleasure from their disappointment. This mocking is a form of irony upsettingthe expected with a cou nteractive action. This example also shows very well howdifferent simple sentences sound to the different characters. Darcy merely askedElizabeth if she felt like dancing a reel and thought it to be a very nice andgentle offer. However, Elizabeth expects him to be hateful and condescending,therefore she always hears an implication of condescension etc. in conversationswith Darcy. Many dialogues between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy seem to be full ofimplications: they both have formed an opinion of the other and only view theothers statements only through their premeditated opinion. Those implicationscan give the reading of their conversations a very ironic and amusing touch,depending on what point of view the reader takes. There are so many differentways in which every single sentence can be interpreted that it is hard to tellwhether some sentences are really meant to be ironic or whether they are simplynormal sentences. If one takes Elizabeths point of view, some of Darcysstatements can certainly be interpreted as very ironic, meaning in this caseironic with the intention to humiliate. If these same statements are viewed,however, from Darcys perspective, they can also be very harmless or even nice. The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan EssayCollins. Mr. Bennet is certainly ironic about people and their behavior, but hisirony has an almost bitter undertone. One of his statements shows this when hesays about his neighbors, who are friends of his family, some of thegood-natured, gossiping Lucases. (p. 261). It becomes apparent, that hedoes not approve of the spreading gossip about his family. He shows this byopposing the character description of the Lucases as good-naturedand gossiping, which is of course a negatively loaded word. He isquite scornful about their behavior, and expresses his feelings covertly insteadof speaking his mind frankly. It is when Lydia elopes with Wickham, that heloses his calm ironic mood. He admits to Elizabeth that she was right when shewarned him not to be too liberal with his daughters, and that he had been toocareless in their upbringing. He says: Who should suffer but myself? Ithas been my own doing, and I ought to feel it. (p. 215). For a moment heloses his ironic mask and admits his own faults. But he knows himself wellenough to also add, No, Lizzy, let me once in my life feel how much Ihave been to blame. It will pass away soon enough. (p. 215). At thatpoint it becomes obvious that he usually guards himself with sarcasm simply totolerate the behavior and the foolishness around him. Only by being cynical, canhe survive in this household of silly and nerve-wrecking women like his wife andhis two youngest daughters. His fault, however, is that he never realized thatby allowing himself to simply be amused by peoples behavior, he has indirectlyencouraged and reinforced their behavior. Nevertheless, Mr. Bennet recovers soonfrom his moments of revelation and remorse and goes on with his usual way oflife. He even finds his humor again, so much as to write a letter to Mr. Collins, when it is resolved that Elizabeth will marry Mr. Darcy. He writes: I must trouble you once more for congratulations. (p. 277). This isclearly ironic, because congratulations for the marriage of Wickham and Lydiamust have been perceived as sheer mockery, or as congratulations for havingreduced the embarrassment as much as possible by legitimating theirrelationship. His comparison of this marriage with Elizabeths pleasant marriageis his cynical way of looking at the world. These are only a few examples of howAusten uses irony in Pride and Prejudice. There is much more to say about thistopic: this serves only as a brief discussion. BibliographyAusten, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Modern Library Edition, RandomHouse Inc., 1995.

The Hunt for the sheep Review Essay Example

The Hunt for the sheep Review Paper Essay on The Hunt for the sheep I did not shield that imeeno this novel is a novel business Murakami, since it is just one of the books about a guy named Rat. After reading this book, all its dlinnorastyanuty story can be described on a single tetrad page. For that I love him so its a Japanese prolixity of all that can be stretched, but it is in this fact and stretch grasped a lot of sense in all that he wants to pass. As I said this is one of the books about a guy by the name of rat, and their only five books: 1- Listen wind song 2- pinball 1973, 3 Hunting the sheep 4- Dance Dance Dance 5- Dance Dance Dance part Two and I read them all, and each in its own very interesting. But the review Ill write it on this book. This book reveals the mystical world of Murakami, which is in principle always present in his books, but in this he is very nicely associated with reality, and is easy to believe in him! Those were the days of The Doors, Rolling Stones, Berdz, Deep Purple, The Moody Blues. The air is almost trembling with strange voltage: it seemed only lacked any kick, all rolled into the abyss. This is the third book of the Rat, with whom he was friends, but in this book the Rat already as a person ceases to exist and becomes a kind of substance Sheep Kotra sneaks into our brains and ispolzyet in full draining of us all the juice of life but at the same time making out us those whom we would like to be. From a guy named Rat, who lost his life in a thread linking him to this world and do not want anything but to find the sheep. Ochchen wondering what to do with them sheep when Pierce man who has no meaning in life, but to find the most sheep! They merge into one? or not! And if the merge is that it is a creature, and why it will continue to exist We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunt for the sheep Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunt for the sheep Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunt for the sheep Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These answers can be found in the following two parts no less interesting: Dance Dance Dance Book 1 and Dance, Dance, Dance book 2

Cigarette Smoking essays

Cigarette Smoking essays I. People dying everyday and not by something that they can control, they are dying because they choose to smoke. a. Tobacco use remains the number One preventable cause of death in the United States. i. Every day approximately 3,000young kids light up a cigarette and in most cases choosing their death by becoming a regular smokers. ii. Each year more people die from smoking than AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, car crashes, murders, suicides, and even fires combined. iii. More than 5 million children will die prematurely because of their decisions as young ones to smoke. b. There are a couple of reason people start to smoke and do not quit. i. Nicotine is addictive and most kids who started to smoke are addicted to nicotine. ii. For some people nicotine is as addictive as heroin or cocaine. It usually takes a person more than 2 times to quit. iii. Cigarette advertisements are designed to make smoking look cool and make it seem like everybody does it. This may not fool everybody, but it fools enough people to get them to start smoking and once they start they cannot stop. iv. Some People think that if they quite smoking, especially women, that they will gain wait and use that as an excuse not to quit. c. What can be done to stop people from smoking? II. Many thing can and have been done to try to prevent people especially kids from smoking. a. Groups are already preaching that it is bad and not to smoke because it will eventually kill the smoker. b. Strict rules have been passed for the suppliers and the retailers, therefore trying to stop the supply and the illegal possession of the cigarettes by minors. c. Police crack down on stories not I.D. kids buying cigarettes. Giving stories fines and sometimes the clerk gets arrested too. III. What else can be done to try to stop the start of smokers? a. Easy, raise the age for people to buy cigarettes, making it harder for younger immature kids to buy and g ...

Public Opinion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Opinion - Assignment Example One of the often cited examples of bad publicity is the survey carried out by the tobacco company arguing that the â€Å"final cost of smoking outweighed the benefits in Czech Republic† (PHA Media, n.d., n.p.). The campaign has caused a huge PR backlash and led to bad publicity of a company. Many PR campaigns end with bad publicity because of various factors, not because they initially were planned to fail. However, many people and/or companies intentionally who create bad publicity in order to gain publicity in general. Celebrities are good examples of it, as they participate in scandals and other negative events in order to remind about themselves to a public and make people to talk about them. This behaviour cannot be viewed as ethical, especially if it has negative impact on other people. It is important to measure the results of PR efforts as this helps to evaluate the success of a campaign. However, in order to be able to interpret the results it is important to carry out evaluation not only after a campaign but also before it starts (Gunn, n.d.). This information will help to understand what impact the PR campaign has. Some of the ways of measuring these results include the following: surveys, interviews, sales figures, enquiries, changes in behaviour of target audience, website hits, etc. (Gunn, n.d.). PHA Media (n.d.). Top ten worst PR fails, bad PR examples and reputation disaster ever. Retrieved 13 April 2015, from:

A business conferences in North Wales Assignment

A business conferences in North Wales - Assignment Example This research will begin with the long – term and short – term goals of Business Conference PLC. The short – term goal of Business Conference PLC under the current situation can be to successfully conduct the upcoming business conference. This short term goal can be achieved by the company by taking into account the overall cost and benefit analysis of the conference. If the benefits earned from the conference are higher than the costs incurred in conducting this conference, it leads towards the achievement of short-term goal. There are different points in time where the company can foresee whether the conference can be successful or not. For instance, at the time of initial planning the company can make best judgments whether the estimates are good enough for the successful organization of the conference. At the time of booking, the company can realize the success of the conference by considering the interest of the delegates. Under economic terms, the most rele vant cost for short term decision making is the variable cost. There might be different long –term goals of the company including the expansion of the business in different geographical boundaries, growth in revenues etc. These goals can be achieve by conducting long – term strategic planning regarding the achievability of those goals. Every cost matters a lot when long – term time horizon is kept into consideration. Therefore, the company needs to evaluate it financial, human and technological resources in the long – term as part of its strategic planning.... Viability of the Conference If the overall cost and revenue analysis of this particular conference is taken into consideration, it can be seen that Business Conference PLC will reap too much benefits from conducting this particular conference. The overall cost estimates of the company relating to this particular project are quite low and the determined price to be charged from the delegates is quite high. Under the existing situation, if the company expects around 200 delegates to attend the conference at ?750 per delegate fees, the company can successfully generate total revenue of ?150,000. However, if the costs are analyzed, it can be observed that variable cost pertaining to 200 delegates is just ?108, thus earning a huge contribution of around ?642 which is more than enough to cover the fixed costs of the company which are around ?20,970. Hence at the existing level of operations, this particular conference is highly viable for the company to conduct and the company can reap a b enefit of around ?107,430. If the viability of the conference is considered with respect to other determinants in respect of breakeven level, profitability if the delegates are reduced or the price per delegate is reduced, the company is still in a good position to conduct this conference such that the company would be in no profit no loss situation if only 33 delegates attend the conference. If the number of delegates is reduced by 50% i.e. only 100 delegates attend this conference, even then the company can earn ?43,230. On the other hand, if the price per delegate is reduced by 50% and kept at ?375 per delegate, even then the company is in a